Diagnostic Methodology & Protocols

With the Diagnosis Foundation (DxF) Research & Development (R&D) major program area, we seek to advance the state of the art for compiling, organizing, evaluating and distributing diagnostic procedures that seek to address causes using holistic and objective means.

Reference Lists

Balanced Muscle Strength

• “Correct attention to focused training, designed to remediate any imbalance, is warranted in adolescent groups. This is important with respect of the key associations between bilateral asymmetry and risk of injury.”  Journal of Strength Conditioning & Research

• Joint pain #1 cause of disability in US & #2 cause of office visits to doctors  Centers for Disease Control, US

• “One of the key components in sports injury prevention is the identification of imbalances in leg muscle strength.” Journal of Human Kinetics

• “higher injury risk was associated with imbalanced muscular strength profile”  International Journal of Sports Medicine

• Foroughi N, The association of external knee adduction moment with biomechanical variables in osteoarthritis: a systematic review Knee. 2009 Oct;16(5):303-9. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2008.12.007. Epub 2009 Mar 24 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321348

• Hootman JM, Helmick CG, Schappert SM. Magnitude and characteristics of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions on ambulatory medical care visits in the U.S.  Arthritis and Rheumatism 47:571-581, 2002

• “maintaining well-conditioned muscles may delay or prevent the onset of OA, and rehabilitation exercise therapy that reverses muscle sensorimotor dysfunction may ameliorate the effects of OA.”  Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America.
  The role of muscle weakness in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.

• “…knee adduction moment and muscle strength, that are becoming increasingly accepted as factors that contribute toward the pathogenesis of knee OA [osteoarthritis]”.  Jackson BD, Reviewing knee osteoarthritis–a biomechanical perspective. Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

• “Of these 36 [professional] players, 23 still showed significant muscular imbalance (64%). New trends in rational training could focus more on the risk of imbalance…”  Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

• “Neglecting the development of force imbalance between limbs may predispose healthy players to injury.”  Journal of Strength Conditioning Research

•  “ this strength training program potentially decreases shoulder rotator muscle imbalances and the risk for shoulder injuries to overhead activity athletes.”   Niederbracht Y Journal of Strength Conditioning & Research

• “…muscle weakness is a predictor of knee OA [osteoarthritis] onset…” & “may benefit from exercise interventions to prevent or delay OA onset.”  Nature Reviews: Rheumatology

• “Malalignment of the knee joint was found to be an independent risk factor for the progression of knee OA [osteoarthritis]”  Arthritis & Rheumatism

• “The cost of musculoskeletal conditions [in US] was $149.4 billion in 1992, of which 48% was due to direct medical care costs and the remainder was due to indirect costs resulting from wage losses. This amount translates to ˜2.5% of the Gross National Product”  Arthritis & Rheumatism